Phenomenal High Quality Services by Top Line Roofing Contractors Roofing Services

Professional Roof Covering Solutions: Guard Your Residence From the Elements



Are you fretted about the state of your roofing? Don't worry, we've obtained you covered. In this write-up, we'll show you exactly how to protect your home from the aspects with expert roofing services. From stopping usual roof problems to selecting the best products, we'll guide you via the process. And also, we'll clarify the advantages of professional setup as well as share pointers for expanding the life expectancy of your roofing system. Bid farewell to leakages as well as hello there to satisfaction.




5 Common Roofing Issues as well as Exactly How to Protect against Them



To stop common roof issues, you ought to routinely examine your roofing system for any type of signs of damage or wear. By taking this proactive approach, you can capture possible problems beforehand and also stop them from turning right into significant frustrations down the line.




Roof Replacement PortlandTop Line Roofing Contractors Roof Installation
One typical trouble to view out for is missing or damaged tiles. Strong winds, hefty rainfall, and sun exposure can all create tiles to end up being loosened or wear away with time. It's crucial to replace them quickly to stay clear of water leakages and more damages to your roofing system if you notice any kind of missing out on or broken tiles.


One more trouble to be conscious of is the accumulation of debris, such as fallen leaves, branches, as well as dust, on your roofing. This can catch moisture and also lead to the development of mold and mildew and algae. Regularly eliminating debris will certainly help protect against these concerns and make certain that your roofing system remains in great problem.


In addition, it's important to inspect your roof covering for any signs of leaks. Seek water spots on the ceiling, peeling off paint, or damp spots in your attic room. If you spot any one of these indicators, it's vital to deal with the concern promptly to prevent further water damages and also potential structural issues.




The Importance of Routine Roof Covering Inspections and Maintenance



Guarantee you set up regular roof evaluations and also upkeep to protect your building from possible damage. Roofing system assessments are an essential part of preserving the honesty of your house and avoiding pricey fixings down the line. By having a professional professional roofer evaluate your roof covering regularly, you can determine any type of issues prior to they escalate into major issues.


During a roofing inspection, the contractor will extensively analyze your roof for indicators of damages, such as missing or harmed roof shingles, leakages, or structural concerns. They will additionally examine for any kind of prospective areas of issue, such as clogged gutters or inappropriate ventilation. By attending to these problems at an early stage, you can prevent more damage and expand the life expectancy of your roofing system.


Normal upkeep is equally vital in securing your roofing (Roofing Contractors Portland). This includes jobs such as cleansing your gutters, removing debris, as well as trimming looming tree branches. By keeping your roofing and also rain gutters clean, you can protect against water from triggering and also pooling damage




Top Line Roofing Contractors Roofing ServicesRoofing Contractors Portland
Don't wait up until you have a significant roof issue to do something about it (Roof Repair Portland). By scheduling routine inspections and upkeep, you can catch issues early as well as stay clear of costly fixings. Protect your property and guarantee the longevity of your roof by making roof assessments and also upkeep a priority




Selecting the Right Roofing Products for Your Residence



Picking the ideal roofing materials for your home is necessary to safeguard it from the aspects as well as guarantee its sturdiness. With so numerous choices available, it can be frustrating to make the right option. Thinking about aspects such as climate, budget, and also style can aid you tighten down your options as well as make an check out here educated decision.


If you stay in a location with extreme weather, such as strong winds or hefty rainfall, it is important to choose roof covering materials that can endure these elements. Products like asphalt tiles, metal roof covering, or clay ceramic tiles are recognized for their longevity as well as capacity to withstand damage.


Spending plan is another crucial consideration. While some products may be a lot more expensive ahead of time, they may supply long-term cost savings in regards to energy performance and also upkeep costs. It is very important to weigh the first investment versus the potential benefits over the lifespan of the roof.


Finally, consider the design and also aesthetic of your house. The roof materials you select need to complement the general layout and design. For an extra traditional appearance, you may select slate or wooden roof shingles. On the various other hand, if you choose a more modern-day and sleek look, steel or concrete tiles might be the appropriate selection.




 



Comprehending the Conveniences of Professional Roof Installation



Comprehending the advantages of specialist roof installation can help you make an informed decision regarding the very best method to safeguard your home. When it involves something as vital as your roof covering, it's crucial to have it installed by experts. Specialist roofing setup offers numerous advantages that you should not ignore. First of all, hiring experts ensures that the setup is done correctly and efficiently. They have the knowledge and also experience to manage any type of challenges that might arise throughout the procedure. Furthermore, specialist roofing system installers have accessibility to high-grade materials and also the current devices and devices, guaranteeing a task well done. This implies that your roofing will click to investigate be able to stand up to the rough elements as well as secure your home for many years ahead.




An additional benefit of expert roof setup is the tranquility of mind it provides. A correctly mounted roofing system not just boosts your residence's visual appeal however additionally enhances its general worth. If you ever make a decision to market your house, prospective customers will be much more likely to select a residence that has a professionally set up as well as durable roof.




Just how to Prolong the Life-span of Your Roofing System With Correct Treatment and Maintenance



To prolong the life-span of your roof, it is very important to regularly check for any kind of indicators of damages or damage. By taking positive procedures, you can protect against tiny issues from developing into major problems that can potentially compromise the stability of your roof covering.


Beginning by conducting a visual assessment of your roofing a minimum of two times a year, ideally in the springtime as well as autumn. Seek any missing, broken, or curling shingles, in addition to any type of areas where the roofing may be drooping or revealing indications of water damage. Pay attention to the condition of the flashing around chimneys, vents, and skylights, as this is a typical area for leaks to occur.


Cutting back any type of looming branches can additionally pvc roofing sheet aid to stop damages caused by dropping arm or legs throughout storms. In addition, maintaining your rain gutters clean and free of particles will certainly make sure that water can move openly off your roof covering as well as far from your residence, lowering the danger of water damages.


If you observe any kind of concerns during your inspection, be certain to resolve them immediately. Ignoring also tiny issues can bring about much more comprehensive damages as well as possibly costly repair services down the line (Top Line Roofing Contractors Roofing Services). Remember, routine upkeep and also care are crucial to extending the life expectancy of your roof covering and safeguarding your house from the components




Roofing Contractors PortlandTop Line Roofing Contractors Roofing Services

Conclusion



 


To conclude, it is critical for you to focus on the security of your residence by investing in specialist roof solutions. By addressing typical roof troubles, consistently examining as well as preserving your roof covering, picking the best materials, as well as selecting expert installment, you can shield your home from the elements. Furthermore, prolonging the life-span of your roof covering via proper care and maintenance will save you money over time. Do not await troubles to emerge; do something about it currently and also make sure the longevity and sturdiness of your roof covering.


Roof assessments are a necessary component of preserving the stability of your home and also protecting against expensive repair work down the line. Throughout a roof covering examination, the specialist will thoroughly analyze your roofing for signs of damages, such as missing out on or damaged shingles, leakages, or structural concerns. Safeguard your building as well as guarantee the long life of your roofing system by making roof covering examinations as well as maintenance a concern.


Understanding the benefits of professional roof covering installation can assist you make an informed decision about the finest way to secure your home. By resolving typical roof covering problems, regularly checking and keeping your roofing system, selecting the appropriate materials, and opting for expert installation, you can protect your residence from the aspects.

 

Some Known Facts About Roof Replacement.

Roofing Companies for Dummies


Without roof vents, it could get also cozy in your attic room which might actually create your tiles to split. Roof vents are crucial to any type of home however they are another location where the surface of your roof covering is damaged and can leak. Roof covering vents are generally secured with a rubber boot or steel flashing like a smokeshaft.




Roofing CompaniesRoofing Companies
If you see fractures in the rubber boots around your roof covering vents or if you see any cracking or gaps around the metal flashing of your roof vents then it's time to make a repair service or obtain a professional to assist you deal with the concern. Missing gutter aprons may cause water to wick up under the edges of your shingles which can create rot.


Sometimes roofing contractors reduced corners by not installing these or forget to mount them before shingling your roof covering. If you do not have rain gutter aprons they can be carefully mounted without damaging your roof covering.




The 5-Minute Rule for Roof Replacement


If you have a skylight or several skylights you will certainly want to examine them from the inside of your home and from the outside. Begin by checking the within your skylights to see if there is any type of visible water discoloring around them or staining on your walls. Checking the outside of your skylights will be more tough due to the fact that you will require to be close to them to see if there is any type of breaking around the external seals.


If your roof covering is drooping after that you're most likely in trouble. This pretty much do without claiming however if a section of your roof is actually drooping that is a sure sign that it requires extensive repair work and most likely substitute. The longer you go without fixing or changing a sagging roof covering the extra severe the internal damages to your house might be.




RoofingRoofers
The architectural damage can likewise be so negative that you need to change the sustaining structure under your roofing system outdoor decking. A good, appropriately set up roofing can last in between 20 and 25 years if there are no problems. If your roofing is coming close to that 20-year mark or if you are currently past it then it's a good idea to get it examined or take the points we have actually detailed over and also check a few of them for yourself.




The Of Roofing


Have a look at your roofing as well as see exactly how it looks and also if you are stressed about the stability of your roof locate a roofing service provider to do a formal roofing evaluation. Your roof covering protects your house and also your family, it's not something to overlook. Address issues and also keep your residence as well as your family house with rooftop safe.


If you are outdoors of our service areas then we suggest discovering a respectable professional roofer in your area.


If you find roofing damage from a tree, you might have heard the noise of a you can find out more branch dropping or located a large system hanging from your seamless gutter. High winds, tornados, heavy snow, or ice accumulation can trigger branches to damage or whole trees to root out. Now, you need to get the roofing system inspection to understand from the expert regarding the roofing.




The Basic Principles Of Roofing Contractor


A roof covering near completion of its lifespan can reveal a variety of symptoms, consisting of: Roofing system leakages are one of one of the most apparent indicators your roofing system gets on its method out. To look for roofing leaks, rise to your attic regularly, ideally right after a rains. Look carefully for any indicators of water invasion, as significant leakages in your house are more than likely to come from below.




Ice dams create when the snow of your roofing melts, diminishes to the eaves as well as panics once more. As water remains to diminish the roof and come across the ice dam, it might start to run under your shingles and potentially make its way into your house. If the leakages are constrained to a particular location on your roof covering, you might not require a total roofing substitute, however in any type of situation, you need to not wait to call a specialist to examine it.




RoofingRoof Repair

 



Specialist roofers have a tendency to offer cost effective roof assessments. If you uncover mold or mold growing on your walls or ceiling, this might signify a leaky roof covering, condensation problems or simply a basic plumbing trouble. Prior to proceeding with a roof covering fixing, ensure that green roof your insulation is completely dry, your home is sufficiently ventilated as well as your plumbing lines and washroom components aren't dripping - roofing companies.




The 5-Minute Rule for Roofers


Below we'll look at the various types of growth that can take place on your roof as well as the consequences that each sort of growth can have:: This black and eco-friendly organism can consume away at your roof shingles and at some point trigger your roofing system to rot. This issue is triggered by deposits of dampness on shingles or trembles, which permits spores to nest and spread into algae.




 


Algae is most likely to grow on roof coverings in environments that perspire as well as damp, such as that of the Pacific Shore, Northeast and Deep South.: Unlike moss or algae, which are thought about safe and also all-natural flora in appropriate setups, mold and mildew is considered a specific trouble that can create health and wellness concern and supplies no visual value.


Like lots of various other sorts of development, mold types as a result of deposits of dampness. Mold most typically establishes on surfaces that can absorb water, such as timber and also drywall.: Conveniently identified by its forest-green color and fuzzy texture, moss is considered by numerous to be an appealing function on a roofing system.




Local Roofing Companies for Dummies


As moss spreads, it brings more dampness with it, which can set into the timber of drinks and shingles, triggering rot.: Mold is a malignant growth discovered on damp surface areas. best roofing company. It has a grainy look, which varies from light grey to black to often also pink, and also is hazardous to your wellness if you're revealed to it for prolonged periods of time.

 

How Roofing can Save You Time, Stress, and Money.

The Roofing Contractor PDFs


Most notably, examinations can considerably increase the lifespan of your roofing system. Normal inspections are useful and much safer, making certain that any unseen problems do not present health dangers by enabling black mold or mildew to create on a rooftop surface area. Locating hazardous material during an evaluation might aid stay clear of better unpleasant shocks as any kind of dangerous elements can be attended to swiftly as well as properly.


On the whole, normal roof evaluations are greatly useful for home owners in The golden state and also need to not be overlooked when trying to maintain your home. roofing company. Regular roof inspections can save both money and time in the future, from raising the life-span of the roof covering to helping protect possibly hazardous materials from entering your home.




Best Roofing CompanyRoofing
At Apollo Roof Covering Firm, our company believe that routine roofing examinations are an important part of maintaining your home in California. Our examiners utilize their experience to spot prospective problems prior to they come to be significant troubles, which can increase the life expectancy of your roofing and also conserve you cash in the future.




The 3-Minute Rule for Best Roofing Company




Safeguard your residence and also its passengers with the tranquility of mind that comes with normal evaluations by the specialists at Beauty Roofing Business. The adhering to find out here area will discover common roof covering repair services necessary in The golden state and also why they are necessary. Typical roof covering repairs click reference in California typically transpire as a result of weather exposure, age and wear of roof shingles or floor tiles, and also to address roof product failing.




 


Some usual roof repair work that an average house owner might face include: Replacing Damaged Shingles or Tiles Storms as well as heavy winds can trigger roof shingles and tiles to break, twist or remove totally. Sometimes, if the damage from a tornado is not serious, house owners might have the ability to fix loose roof shingles by re-nailing them.


Leaks Around Chimneys, Skylights, as well as Vents Leaks around chimney flashing, skylights, and vents are typically seen after heavy rain. Homeowners must continuously look for any type of water leakages around these sitting points on their roofing systems and obtain them fixed as soon as possible to stay clear of any kind of underpinning damages. Renewing Faulty Flashing Flashing helps protect the junctions in between walls and also roof coverings from water damage.




The Roofing Companies Ideas


 


Hence routine evaluation must be provided for any kind of concerns with blinking, and also harmed parts must be changed immediately to avoid wetness problems. Ice Dams/Snow Removal While snow adds visit this web-site charm to houses during cold weather however when accumulated excessively includes added weight to the structure endangering its honesty. As California seldom sees severe winter season conditions, minor snow elimination jobs must suffice enough.




RoofersRoofing Company
A few other common roof covering maintenance jobs that homeowners need to resolve are: removing rain gutters from fallen leaves and particles pruning trees around the home checking for moss growth dealing with sagging roof coverings examining for fractured ceramic tiles While these repair work may appear pricey initially, timely maintenance as well as punctual attention help stop larger expenses over time by staying clear of massive structural damages - roofing.

 

The Best Guide To Metal Roofing Service Augusta Ga

Getting My Posey Home Improvements Inc. Metal Roofing Service Near Me Augusta Ga To Work


Second, steel roofing systems are usually mounted with a layer of insulation in between the roof covering product and also the roofing deck. This aids to stop warmth damage in case of a fire. Lastly, most metal roof coverings are coated with a layer of specialized paint that helps to reflect heat and lower the threat of stimulates stiring up the roofing material.




Posey Home Improvements Inc. Metal Roofing Company Near Me Augusta GaPosey Home Improvements Inc. Augusta Ga
Normally, a metal roof covering will certainly last in between 20 and also three decades. With proper care and also maintenance, it can last for up to 50 years. With correct treatment as well as maintenance, they can last for as much as half a century. Nevertheless, they will certainly need to be changed ultimately, normally every 20-30 years.


They are more immune to leakages than other roofing products. Yes, metal roofings can be installed straight over shingles. It is advised to mount a brand-new layer of plywood or OSB board initially to offer a strong surface for the steel roof covering to be attached to. No, metal roofing systems do not conflict with cell phone solution.




Some Ideas on Posey Home Improvements Inc. Metal Roofing Company Near Me Augusta Ga You Need To Know


No, metal roofings do not attract birds. Nonetheless, they may provide an area for birds to nest if there is a void or opening in the roof. You can cleanse a steel roof covering by making use of a garden tube with a spray nozzle accessory or a pressure washer. Make sure to use a mild setting on the stress washing machine and hold it at least 12 inches far from the steel to prevent damaging the roof covering.


Be sure to rinse the roofing system completely after cleaning to eliminate all soap deposit. Yes, steel roofs can be painted. Nevertheless, it is not required to repaint the roof covering to secure it from the aspects. The specialized paint that is applied to metal roof coverings at the manufacturing facility is developed to safeguard the roofing for years.


As a matter of fact, a lot of steel roofing systems are designed to support the weight of a grownup without any issue. Finally, steel roofings offer lots of advantages, consisting of fire resistance, longevity, and also power effectiveness. Nevertheless, they also have some negative aspects, such as price and also the possibility for development as well as tightening. When deciding about whether to set up a steel roof, make certain to weigh the benefits and drawbacks carefully to decide if it's the best option for your residence.




The Only Guide to Metal Roofing Company Near Me Augusta Ga


Water, Limited Roof, a relied on metal roofing contractor in the South, is an expert in cost-effective roofing services. Below are four advantages of metal roofing for commercial residential properties. Steel roof covering is made from different kinds of alloys that offer outstanding tensile strength.




Posey Home Improvements Inc. Metal Roofing Service Augusta GaPosey Home Improvements Inc. Metal Roofing Service Near Me Augusta Ga
Along with that, steel roofing can be obtained in different degrees of top quality, including roof covering with fire resistance and the ability to endure a hailstorm storm without damage. These benefits make metal roofings an ideal remedy for locations with all kinds of climates, consisting of those that get extreme weather as well as go to a greater risk of wildfires.




The Best Guide To Metal Roofing Company Near Me Augusta Ga




If we compare steel roofs vs. shingles in this facet also, steel will as soon as again come out as a winner as it has more style alternatives than most of other roofing materials, including shingles. It is a very attractive roofing option for several house owners as it can complement any kind of architectural style as well as enhance the curb charm of any type of home - Posey Home Improvements Inc. Metal Roofing Company Near Me Augusta GA.


These roof are recognized to last anywhere from 40 to 75 years, sometimes also much more if the environment is mild and the roofing is routinely preserved. When it comes to their sturdiness, steel roofing systems can sustain very solid gusts of wind and most of them are highly impact-resistant. Along with that, they will call for extremely little upkeep, they will not call for frequent repairs as various other roof coverings do, which suggests that any type of future maintenance costs will certainly be marginal.




 


Allow's start with these 2 problems. Although the expense of steel roof is stabilized by its durability, it can be out of reach for some property owners. If we compare steel vs asphalt roof coverings, the difference in cost is more than noticeable as steel roof coverings can be twice as pricey.




The Ultimate Guide To Metal Roofing Service Augusta Ga


Metal roofings will certainly additionally last at the very least twice as long, usually also extra. Consequently, the expense might be greater, but you will certainly not need to change this roof for half a century or more, decreasing or totally reducing your future roofing system substitute expenses. One of the primary elements that influence the price is the metal roofing installment which is commonly more challenging and, consequently, extra pricey exactly due to the fact that of its intricacy.


Steel roofing supplies optimal weather condition defense in most scenarios, it can sometimes be noisy throughout a rainstorm or hailstorm. This might include to the overall expense however, apart from canceling out the noise, the insulation will additionally make your home more comfortable as well as energy-efficient.


This can develop damages as well as eventually trigger the decking and also trusses to come to be rotten and also weak. Setting up an appropriate ventilation system will, nevertheless, take treatment of this issue. Roof covering and also attic room ventilation are generally very fundamental parts of any roofing system, consisting of metal, as they lessen an array of various problems, such as leakages, water damages, and also ice dam formation during winter season.




The 7-Minute Rule for Metal Roofing Service Augusta Ga


7 out of 5 stars based upon 8 consumer evaluations. Terrific Job I had my roof covering changed by Fortified Roof covering and they did an impressive work. Posey Home Improvements Inc. I'm actually satisfied with the solution as well as rate. Wonderful job! John as well as his individuals done a terrific operate at my residence. All the job finished goes to very high standards with practical expense.

 

Not known Facts About Polaris Roofing Inc

Some Ideas on Polaris Roofing Inc You Should Know

 

Clay Tile RoofingMetal Roofing

When picking roof shingles for your roofing, preliminary aspects are exactly how the completed roofing system will certainly show up. If the rain gutters on your home are irregular or dripping, you will certainly require them covered up and corrected the alignment of prior to them appropriately directing the water away from your house.


If you are like lots of people, you are afraid the work of cleansing out your rain gutters. The roofing system of the residence is really the back bone of the residence, so when there is a problem or a leakage in the roof covering it truly can adversely influence the whole house.

 

 

Roofer

If a roofing system is not appropriately repaired or mounted there is a huge amount of property damage that can strike the products inside your residence or company as well as it could result in a large amount of distress. Lu - Roof Installation.

 

 

 

Fascination About Polaris Roofing Inc


Asphalt is the most common roofing product that is made use of in approximately 70% to 80% of American homes. It is readily offered and inexpensive and they are the product most homeowners think about first when they are searching for roofing materials. Not just are composite tiles budget-friendly, they are additionally simple as well as less pricey to mount.


You can additionally include a layer of roof shingles rather than taking down your roof. http://blogs.pjstar.com/eye/2013/09/14/3-0-central-runs-over-manual-46-26-at-peoria-stadium/#comment-514824. The roof shingles are made of base products such as fiber glass with a layer of granules to cover it. These granules can deflect UV rays which lower the warm burden on your residence. They come in a wide range of styles and you can constantly find something to improve your curb charm based upon your preferences.


If a tree or branch drops on it, they will certainly break and also create leakages. This additionally takes place in case there are strong winds or hail storm rocks. You can get different roof covering tile types with 20 to 30-year guarantee which is the life expectations of this roofing system style. It is perfect for the majority of domestic applications.

 

 

 

Polaris Roofing Inc Things To Know Before You Buy


The ordinary cost of mounting asphalt roofing in a residence of 2500-square-feet is in between $2,000 and also $6,000. The cost may differ relying on the variety of layers you have. Your roofing professional will certainly charge you for eliminating the old roofing system and this can be in between $100 to $150 for a solitary layer as well as between $120 to $170 for two layers.


Similar to any kind of roof covering trouble or worry, something minor can rapidly become extreme and also costly if it's not taken care of without delay. The tiniest puncture or tear in a roofing system can be the ideal opening for dampness and also wildlife (Metal Roofing). When water obtains in, it can damage interior frameworks and also lead to mold development.


Regardless of the kind of steel roof, our team of expert and seasoned contractors can provide you with quick, top quality roofing system fixing on all kinds of metal roof covering. Whether it is a blow-off, leakage, slit, tear, or something a lot more, we can obtain it dealt with rapidly and also efficiently. Our group always begins with a 17-point examination.

 

 

 

Polaris Roofing Inc for Beginners


Afterward, we will provide you with a price quote for the metal roofing system fixing services that are needed. From there, we can carry out any type of repair service you accept of to get your house's or organization's roof back to typical, if not far better than ever before.


There are differing types of roofing services available relying on the current and existing need that typically dictates the option that you should make. A number of aspects normally guide the particular roofing service that one opts for and it is of utmost importance that one assesses them all prior to making a choice to make certain that the solution picked is one of the most suitable one based on requirement, use, and application - https://www.leetchi.com/c/p0lar1sroof.


This is the service that constantly comes before all else. It is necessary as component of the initial steps prior to selecting what you desire to do and also the exact type of solution that you need. It creates and provides an appropriate basis for your decision-making after an evaluation is done so that you are fully mindful and observant of the problem handy and also the most ideal option for the same.

 

 

 

The Ultimate Guide To Polaris Roofing Inc


This is done as a choice to replacing the entire roof covering altogether. Fixings are categorized into two to include roofing and also leak repair work. Roofing fixings are deemed a cheaper choice although it is a remedy with a minimal level of permanence since one repair work normally demands an additional, as the roof ages.

 

 

 

Roof RepairResidential Roofing Company
You should be constantly aware that a substitute is not always essential particularly if the damaged area is not huge; therefore, preventing misdirection is additionally very crucial, as numerous roof covering companies are out to make a quick dollar. Leak repairs additionally are available in convenient as an instant remedy to avoid additional damage and mayhem, which could result in a whole roof covering replacement.




It is a procedure of last resource and also procuring this solution is usually an extremely costly affair. A replacement is thought about terrific when the damages is as well colossal to be remediated or reduced in otherwise. A quality roof covering substitute is expensive however it can always guarantee you some proper longevity where the frequent demand to go on making fixings is quickly removed.

 

 

 

The Basic Principles Of Polaris Roofing Inc


This remains in relation browse around these guys to rain gutters, which are typically overlooked and also ignored. This need to not be the instance because this might have severe effects on the roof as a whole. Whenever the rain gutters remain in poor form, they have a tendency of being incapable to guide the water away from your house, as they ought to.
 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15